Abstract
Hard carbon has been investigated as the most promising anode material for sodium-ion batteries (SIBs) because of its advantages of high storage capacity and stable long-term cyclability. Currently, many bio-wasted materials are recognized as an abundant and cheap carbon source that has been used to synthesize hard carbon, but the mechanism of different pretreatment conditions is not fully understood [1-3]. In this study, lignocellulosic biomass(nuts) is chosen to prepare hard carbon by pre-oxidation, acid activation, and pyrolysis (1000 ℃) under an argon atmosphere. The ion storage mechanisms and anode optimizations are investigated systematically. A strong correlation is discovered between the pretreatment techniques with structural properties and electrochemical chemical performance of SIBs. During the acid pretreatment, impurities were removed and the presence of heteroatoms from acids offered extra sites for Na+ adsorption. In addition, the pre-oxidation process increases the content of oxygen atom and improve the C=O bond to enhance the adsorption capacity. Indeed, pretreatment techniques resulted in carbonized materials with high graphitization and change of the structure from disordered to local ordered. Acknowledgments This work was supported by the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan Grant (AP09259165), “Utilization of the biowaste-derived carbon and enhancement of its electrochemical performance via doping”. References Chen, C.; Huang, Y.; Zhu, Y.; Zhang, Z.; Guang, Z.; Meng, Z.; Liu, P., Nonignorable Influence of Oxygen in Hard Carbon for Sodium Ion Storage. ACS Sustainable Chemistry & Engineering 2020, 8 (3), 1497-1506. Lv, W.; Wen, F.; Xiang, J.; Zhao, J.; Li, L.; Wang, L.; Liu, Z.; Tian, Y., Peanut shell derived hard carbon as ultralong cycling anodes for lithium and sodium batteries. Electrochimica Acta 2015, 176, 533-541. Dou, X.; Hasa, I.; Saurel, D.; Jauregui, M.; Buchholz, D.; Rojo, T.; Passerini, S., Impact of the Acid Treatment on Lignocellulosic Biomass Hard Carbon for Sodium-Ion Battery Anodes. ChemSusChem 2018, 11 (18), 3276-3285.
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