Abstract
High fiber co-products from the copra and palm kernel industries are by-products of the production of coconut oil and palm kernel oil. The co-products include copra meal, copra expellers, palm kernel meal, and palm kernel expellers. All 4 ingredients are very high in fiber and the energy value is relatively low when fed to pigs. The protein concentration is between 14 and 22 % and the protein has a low biological value and a very high Arg:Lys ratio. Digestibility of most amino acids is less than in soybean meal but close to that in corn. However, the digestibility of Lys is sometimes low due to Maillard reactions that are initiated due to overheating during drying. Copra and palm kernel ingredients contain 0.5 to 0.6 % P. Most of the P in palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers is bound to phytate, but in copra products less than one third of the P is bound to phytate. The digestibility of P is, therefore, greater in copra meal and copra expellers than in palm kernel ingredients. Inclusion of copra meal should be less than 15 % in diets fed to weanling pigs and less than 25 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs. Palm kernel meal may be included by 15 % in diets for weanling pigs and 25 % in diets for growing and finishing pigs.Rice bran contains the pericarp and aleurone layers of brown rice that is removed before polished rice is produced. Rice bran contains approximately 25 % neutral detergent fiber and 25 to 30 % starch. Rice bran has a greater concentration of P than most other plant ingredients, but 75 to 90 % of the P is bound in phytate. Inclusion of microbial phytase in the diets is, therefore, necessary if rice bran is used. Rice bran may contain 15 to 24 % fat, but it may also have been defatted in which case the fat concentration is less than 5 %. Concentrations of digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) are slightly less in full fat rice bran than in corn, but defatted rice bran contains less than 75 % of the DE and ME in corn. The concentration of crude protein is 15 to 18 % in rice bran and the protein has a high biological value and most amino acids are well digested by pigs. Inclusion of rice bran in diets fed to pigs has yielded variable results and based on current research it is recommended that inclusion levels are less than 25 to 30 % in diets for growing-finishing pigs, and less than 20 % in diets for weanling pigs. However, there is a need for additional research to determine the inclusion rates that may be used for both full fat and defatted rice bran.
Highlights
With the increased global production of livestock, dairy, and poultry, the demand for feed is increasing and co-products from the tropical food industries are increasingly used in diets fed to pigs
Global production of palm kernel and copra products is relatively modest compared with the production of soybean meal and canola meal [1] and availability of these ingredients is often geographically dependent
In some areas, these ingredients are the most abundant and least expensive sources of energy and amino acids (AA) that are available to the local swine industry [2] and it is, important that information about the nutritional value of each ingredient is available
Summary
With the increased global production of livestock, dairy, and poultry, the demand for feed is increasing and co-products from the tropical food industries are increasingly used in diets fed to pigs These co-products include copra meal and copra expellers, palm kernel meal and palm kernel expellers, and rice bran. Concentrations of β-mannans, galactomannans, arabinoxylogalactans, and cellulose are relatively high [8, 9] and the water binding capacity of copra meal is much greater than that of palm kernel meal or palm kernel expellers [7]. The standardized total tract digestibility (STTD) of P, is relatively high in copra meal and copra expellers (Table 2; [12, 13]). The SID of Lys in copra meal is variable, ranging from 51 [15, 17] to 73 %
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