Nutritional supplements modulate fluorescent protein-bound advanced glycation endproducts and digestive enzymes related to type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Emily R Koch,Permal Deo

doi:10.1186/s12906-016-1329-0

Abstract

BackgroundChronic hyperglycemia enhances the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to diabetic complications. Thus, controlling blood glucose levels, inhibiting the formation of AGEs and reducing ROS are key therapeutic targets in early stage type 2 diabetes.MethodsThe inhibitory effects of seven commercial liquid nutritional supplements against carbohydrate hydrolysing enzymes, α-amylase and α-glucosidase, was determined by dinitrosalicylic (DNS) reagent and p-nitrophenyl-α-D-glucopyranoside solution, respectively. Antiglycation activity was determined using the formation of fluorescent protein-bound AGEs. Total phenolic and flavonoid content and antioxidant properties (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl antioxidant activity (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP)) were determined for correlation among these components and inhibitory activities.ResultsSamoan noni juice showed the greatest inhibitory effects against α-amylase, whereas chlorophyll extracts showed the greatest inhibitory effect against α-glucosidase. Inhibition of α-glucosidase correlated with TFC (r2 = 0.766; p < 0.01) and FRAP (r2 = 0.750; p < 0.01) whereas no correlation was observed for α-amylase inhibition. All supplements inhibited fluorescent protein-bound AGEs, with the greatest effect exerted by Olive Leaf Extract, Blood Sugar Support (IC50 = 0.5 mg/ml). The IC50 values negatively correlated with TPC (r2 = −0.707; p < 0.001) and DPPH scavenging activities (r2 = 0.515; p < 0.05).ConclusionThe findings of this study highlight the potential of liquid nutritional supplements in managing and treating type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Highlights

Chronic hyperglycemia enhances the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to diabetic complications
In this study we aimed to investigate the antiglycation, α-amylase and αglucosidase inhibitory potential of selected liquid nutritional supplements
Α-amylase and α-glucosidase inhibition One of the primary targets for the management of early stage type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is to maintain steady blood glucose levels and prevent the postprandial surge of glucose, and an effective way of achieving this is by inhibiting αamylase or α-glucosidase [7]

Summary

Introduction

Chronic hyperglycemia enhances the formation of advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs) and reactive oxygen species (ROS), contributing to diabetic complications. Protein glycation is initiated by the nucleophilic attack from a carbonyl group of a reducing sugar to a free amine group present on proteins, lipids and nucleic acids. This forms a freely reversible Schiff base and rearranges to form a more stable and irreversible ketoamine or Amadori product that leads to the formation of AGEs [3, 4]. Chronic hyperglycemia promotes the formation of free radicals, that further increases oxidative stress and the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which in turn accelerates AGE formation [3, 5]

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