Abstract
Simple SummaryCommon feed ingredients such as corn, barley, wheat, soybean meal, and canola meal are used to feed broiler chickens and pigs in various countries around the world. However, due to rising costs and the need to practice sustainable animal husbandry, concerted efforts have been aimed at identifying and examining the nutritional potentials of atypical feed ingredients for pigs and chickens. Although there are some articles and reviews that discuss the potential of a single or few feed ingredients for either chickens or pigs, there has not been an extensive review that integrates information from several alternative feed ingredients for both species in one place. Therefore, this review aims to enumerate several feed ingredients that have shown prospects in supplying either one or more nutrients to pigs and chickens while reducing the dependence on commonly used feedstuff. In addition, feeding practices, merits, and limitations associated with these uncommon feed ingredients are discussed. Furthermore, practical applications of these alternative feed ingredients in relation to either pigs or chickens are briefly examined.Diets play an important part in monogastric nutrition. This is because diets are comprised of various feed ingredients that supply energy and nutrients required by broiler chickens or pigs for normal growth and development. The main feed ingredients used for formulating diets for pigs and chickens are comprised of cereals and oilseed meals. Corn and soybean meal (SBM) are mostly used in North America for animal feeds. However, due to geographical locations, availability, and cost, ingredients such as wheat, barley, and canola meal are often used for feeding pigs and chickens. Overdependence on common ingredients such as corn and SBM for decades has resulted in rising costs of animal production. Therefore, the need has risen to examine the potentials of alternative feed ingredients capable of supplying the required energy and nutrients for monogastric animals. Research has been carried out to identify and evaluate several uncommon feed ingredients and their utilization by broiler chickens and pigs. Thus, this review enumerates the nutritional potentials of feed ingredients in 4 main nutritional classes using information from articles in peer-reviewed journals. Feeding practices, advantages, and limitations of using certain uncommon feed ingredients are discussed. In addition, species-specific factors in terms of practical applications are explored.
Highlights
This means that supplementation of crystalline methionine is required if faba beans (FB) are included in diets of broiler chickens and pigs [68]
Fiber is an important part of animal nutrition and is responsible for increasing bulk of diets, promoting gut movement and health, and providing energy in the form of volatile fatty acids (VFA) to broiler chickens or pigs
In a study where sugar beet pulp (SBP) was fed to broiler chickens for 42 d, feed intake, feed efficiency, and nutrient digestibility of birds were improved in the starter phase; feed intake was reduced in the finisher phase by 5.8% (Figure 4) [62]
Summary
Several articles and reviews that report findings on the nutritional composition, nutrient utilization, and limitations associated with some of these ingredients for chickens or pigs have been published [2,9,10]. This information is scattered across multiple articles or journals and may be species specific or relatively inaccessible to farmers who may require the information for adequate decision making. The advantages and limitations associated with each feed ingredient are outlined Feeding practices such as inclusion levels in diets of pigs and poultry are discussed (Table 2), while species-specific factors and considerations in terms of applications are briefly explored
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