Abstract
BackgroundKetogenic diet (KD) and exogenous ketone supplements can evoke sustained ketosis, which may modulate sleep and sleep-like effects. However, no studies have been published examining the effect of ketosis on the onset of general isoflurane induced anesthesia. Therefore, we investigated the effect of the KD and different exogenous ketogenic supplements on the onset of akinesia induced by inhalation of isoflurane.MethodsWe used a high fat, medium protein and low carbohydrate diet (KD) chronically (10 weeks) in the glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) deficiency (G1D) syndrome mice model and sub-chronically (7 days) in Sprague-Dawley (SPD) rats. To investigate the effect of exogenous ketone supplements on anesthetic induction we also provided either 1) a standard rodent chow diet (SD) mixed with 20% ketone salt supplement (KS), or 2) SD mixed with 20% ketone ester supplement (KE; 1,3 butanediol-acetoacetate diester) to G1D mice for 10 weeks. Additionally, SPD rats and Wistar Albino Glaxo Rijswijk (WAG/Rij) rats were fed the SD, which was supplemented by oral gavage of KS or KE for 7 days (SPD rats: 5 g/kg body weight/day; WAG/Rij rats: 2.5 g/kg body weight/day). After these treatments (10 weeks for the mice, and 7 days for the rats) isoflurane (3%) was administered in an anesthesia chamber, and the time until anesthetic induction (time to immobility) was measured. Blood ketone levels were measured after anesthetic induction and correlation was calculated for blood beta-hydroxybutyrate (βHB) and anesthesia latency.ResultsBoth KD and exogenous ketone supplementation increased blood ketone levels and delayed the onset of isoflurane-induced immobility in all investigated rodent models, showing positive correlation between the two measurements. These results demonstrate that elevated blood ketone levels by either KD or exogenous ketones delayed the onset of isoflurane-induced anesthesia in these animal models.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that ketone levels might affect surgical anesthetic needs, or could potentially decrease or delay effects of other narcotic gases.
Highlights
Ketogenic diet (KD) and exogenous ketone supplements can evoke sustained ketosis, which may modulate sleep and sleep-like effects
glucose transporter 1 (GLUT1) deficiency (G1D) mice were chronically fed by a standard rodent chow diet (SD/ control; 2018 Teklad Global 18% Protein Rodent Diet, Harlan; n = 10), ketogenic diet (n = 5, KD) (Table 1), Standard Diet (SD) mixed with 20% KE (1,3 butanediol-acetoacetate diester) supplement (n = 11; KE) or SD mixed with 20% ketone salt (KS) (Na+/K+ − βHB mineral salt) supplement (n = 7; KS) for 10 weeks
Treatment with KD and SD with KS caused a significant increase in the number of seconds required before anesthetic induction (p < 0.0001, and p = 0.0337, respectively), compared to SD fed controls (Fig. 1a)
Summary
Ketogenic diet (KD) and exogenous ketone supplements can evoke sustained ketosis, which may modulate sleep and sleep-like effects. No studies have been published examining the effect of ketosis on the onset of general isoflurane induced anesthesia. We investigated the effect of the KD and different exogenous ketogenic supplements on the onset of akinesia induced by inhalation of isoflurane. Ketone bodies are able to cross the blood-brain barrier and provide fuel to the brain when dietary glucose is insufficient [8, 10]. An increase in ketone bodies, called ketosis, can be achieved with either a ketogenic diet (KD) or exogenous ketones [3,4,5, 10]. A state of ketosis enables cells to function efficiently by using both ketones and glucose
Sign-in/Register to view highlights & summary Sign-in/Register to access full text options 
Free) 
Talk to us
Join us for a 30 min session where you can share your feedback and ask us any queries you have
Schedule a call
