Abstract
The synergies and cumulative effects among different foods and nutrients are what produce the benefits of a healthy dietary pattern. Diets and dietary patterns are a major environmental factor that we are exposed to several times a day. People can learn how to control this behavior in order to promote healthy living and aging, and to prevent diet-related diseases. To date, the traditional Mediterranean diet has been the only well-studied pattern. Stroke incidence, a number of classical risk factors including lipid profile and glycaemia, emergent risk factors such as the length of telomeres, and emotional eating behavior can be affected by genetic predisposition. Adherence to the Mediterranean diet could exert beneficial effects on these risk factors. Our individual genetic make-up should be taken into account to better prevent these traits and their subsequent consequences in cardiovascular disease development. In the present work, we review the results of nutritional genomics explaining the role of the Mediterranean diet in human cardiovascular disease. A multidisciplinary approach is necessary to extract knowledge from large-scale data.
Highlights
Theaim search identifyconcerning current knowledge on nutritional genomicsdietary mechanisms included in nutritional genomics studies
We review here the current results of nutrigenetics, nutrigenomics, nutri-metabolomics, nutri-epigenomics, nutri-epigenetics, and nutri-miRomics related to Mediterranean diet interventions in humans
Greater hippurate urine levels were described after the Mediterranean diet + CoQ and higher phenylacetylglycine levels after saturated fat diet consumption in women. These results suggest that the long-term consumption of a Mediterranean diet supplemented with Q10 could exert benefits on healthy aging and on the prevention of processes related to chronic oxidative stress
Summary
Food patterns refer to the consumption of differing amounts, proportions, and combinations of diverse foods and beverages, and the variations in the frequency of their intake. The relevance of overall high-quality food patterns should be taken into consideration as the synergies and cumulative effects among different foods and nutrients are behind their health benefits [1]. A single-variable approach has been traditionally followed in nutritional studies. One consequence of this has been to promote debate among proponents of single-nutrient causes and solutions to diet-related health problems [2]. Diets are more than the sum of their components, and this has been a fundamental concern with the one-variable-at-a-time (OVAT) approach due to the fact that the multidimensional essence of nutrition is not captured. Diets form only part of a healthy lifestyle recommended for the treatment of numerous complex and multifactorial diseases such as cardiovascular ones
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