Abstract
Most Brazilian soils are weathered and acidic, generally with exchangeable aluminum levels toxic to plants. Aluminum content can exceed 10 cmolc kg-1 in certain soils, but does not interfere in plant nutrient absorption, transport and accumulation. This study aimed to assess whether the high aluminum levels extracted with 1 mol L-1 KCl solution affect the nutritional efficiency of maize plants grown in acidic soils in areas of Brazilian states (AC: profile 9, PE, SC and RS) never before cultivated. To that end, two greenhouse experiments were performed (soybean: 45 days and maize: 60 days) with increasing levels of lime (0; 25; 50 and 100% H+Al content). After the experiments and collection, chemical analyses were conducted to characterize the soils and determine the chemical composition of the maize plants. The Al levels did not interfere in maize plants, nutrient absorption, transport, use or accumulation in AC9 and Rosario do Sul (RS) soils, but did affect those cultivated in PE, BR and CB soils in treatments without lime. The absence of Al toxicity is related to the increased concentration and activity of basic cations and P in the soil solution.
Highlights
The acidity of most Brazilian soils, especially in subsurface horizons (B), limits establishing and developing production systems for a substantial number of crops (Caires et al, 2008)
Some soils contain aluminum levels extracted with 1 mol L-1 KCl (Al-KCl) solution exceeding 10 cmolc kg-1, where plants exhibit no signs of Al3+ toxicity and obtain satisfactory yields
The incomplete Al3+ neutralization in these two soils may have occurred due to underestimation of potential acidity by calcium acetate, since other Al fractions may not have been computed in H+Al, resulting in incorrect estimation of lime requirements (Kaminski et al, 2002; Júnior et al, 2015)
Summary
The acidity of most Brazilian soils, especially in subsurface horizons (B), limits establishing and developing production systems for a substantial number of crops (Caires et al, 2008) This may be due to toxic Al and Mn concentrations (Bojórquez-Quintal et al, 2017; Tandzi et al, 2018), low exchangeable Ca2+ and Mg2+ levels, and low sum of bases (S), base saturation (V%), and P, unfavorable soil properties for growing most crops (Yang et al, 2013; Maluf et al, 2018). Liming is the most commonly used management practiceand involves neutralizing H+ and Al3+ ions, thereby promoting an increase in pH, S and V% This makes nutrients more readily available, providing Ca2+ and Mg2+, promoting aluminum precipitation and reducing soil aluminum saturation (Rastija et al, 2014; Adisu et al, 2019). Nutritional efficiency is associated with absorption efficiency (AE) indices, defined as the relation jas.ccsenet.org
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