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Abstract
Intestinal barrier integrity and function are compromised during exertional heat stress (EHS) potentially leading to consequences that range from minor gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances to fatal outcomes in exertional heat stroke or septic shock. This mini-review provides a concise discussion of nutritional interventions that may protect against intestinal permeability during EHS and suggests physiological mechanisms responsible for this protection. Although diverse nutritional interventions have been suggested to be protective against EHS-induced GI permeability, the ingestion of certain amino acids, carbohydrates, and fluid per se is potentially effective strategy, whereas evidence for various polyphenols and pre/probiotics is developing. Plausible physiological mechanisms of protection include increased blood flow, epithelial cell proliferation, upregulation of intracellular heat shock proteins, modulation of inflammatory signaling, alteration of the GI microbiota, and increased expression of tight junction (TJ) proteins. Further clinical research is needed to propose specific nutritional candidates and recommendations for their application to prevent intestinal barrier disruption and elucidate mechanisms during EHS.
Highlights
Exertional heat stress (EHS) can compromise intestinal barrier integrity [1,2,3,4] and potentially lead to a detrimental cascade of signaling events [5, 6] and outcomes [7, 8] ranging from minor gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances [9] to more serious events like exertional heat stroke or septic shock [10, 11]
EHS is a phrase often used to describe general heat stress that occurs during exercise, especially in warm/hot environments
Because the integrity of the intestinal barrier is known to be modulated by certain nutrients [12,13,14], interest in using nutritional interventions to combat the negative sequela of EHS has gained attention
Summary
Exertional heat stress (EHS) can compromise intestinal barrier integrity [1,2,3,4] and potentially lead to a detrimental cascade of signaling events [5, 6] and outcomes [7, 8] ranging from minor gastrointestinal (GI) disturbances [9] to more serious events like exertional heat stroke or septic shock [10, 11]. The mechanisms underlying this modulation are less clear, nutritional interventions provide a potential strategy to protect the intestinal barrier during exercise in the heat. We highlight select nutritional interventions and potential mechanisms responsible for their protective effects on the intestinal barrier with EHS (Fig. 1).
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Schedule a callMore From: Journal of applied physiology (Bethesda, Md. : 1985)
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