Nutrition in acute stroke management: food for thought

Abstract

Nutrition is crucial in the management of patients with acute stroke. 1 Dziewas R Michou E Trapl-Grundschober M et al. European Stroke Organisation and European Society for Swallowing Disorders guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of post-stroke dysphagia. Eur Stroke J. 2021; 6: LXXXIX-LXXCXV Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Clinical features putting patients at risk of malnutrition include dysphagia, impaired consciousness, perception deficits, and cognitive dysfunction. Being malnourished or at risk of malnutrition on admission to hospital after stroke is linked with poor functional outcomes and mortality, and worsening of nutritional status during the acute stage post-stroke is associated with similar adverse outcomes. 2 Dennis M Poor nutritional status on admission predicts poor outcomes after stroke: observational data from the FOOD trial. Stroke. 2003; 34: 1450-1456 Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar Therefore, guidelines dedicated to acute stroke care generally include nutritional management. 1 Dziewas R Michou E Trapl-Grundschober M et al. European Stroke Organisation and European Society for Swallowing Disorders guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of post-stroke dysphagia. Eur Stroke J. 2021; 6: LXXXIX-LXXCXV Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar , 3 Powers WJ Rabinstein AA Ackerson T et al. Guidelines for the early management of patients with acute ischemic stroke: 2019 update to the 2018 guidelines for the early management of acute ischemic stroke: a guideline for healthcare professionals from the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association. Stroke. 2019; 50: e344-e418 Crossref PubMed Scopus (1816) Google Scholar , 4 Boulanger JM Lindsay MP Gubitz G et al. Canadian stroke best practice recommendations for acute stroke management: prehospital, emergency department, and acute inpatient stroke care, 6th edition, update 2018. Int J Stroke. 2018; 13: 949-984 Crossref PubMed Scopus (154) Google Scholar , 5 Burgos R Bretón I Cereda E et al. ESPEN guideline clinical nutrition in neurology. Clin Nutr. 2018; 37: 354-396 Summary Full Text Full Text PDF PubMed Scopus (175) Google Scholar The guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of post-stroke dysphagia from the European Stroke Organization and European Society for Swallowing Disorders, for example, recommends early enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube if sufficient oral nutrition is not possible. 1 Dziewas R Michou E Trapl-Grundschober M et al. European Stroke Organisation and European Society for Swallowing Disorders guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of post-stroke dysphagia. Eur Stroke J. 2021; 6: LXXXIX-LXXCXV Crossref PubMed Scopus (0) Google Scholar This recommendation relies mainly on the second substudy of the Feed or Ordinary Diet (FOOD) trial, in which 859 patients with dysphagia after stroke were randomly assigned to either early tube feeding or delayed feeding starting later than 7 days after random assignment. Allocation to early tube feeding was associated with a non-significant reduction in mortality by 5·8% (there were 182 deaths in 429 patients randomly assigned to early tube feeding vs 207 deaths in 430 patients in the delayed feeding group; p=0·09). There were no differences in other outcomes, including severe disability or death (339 of 429 patients in the early-feeding group vs 344 of 430 patients in the delayed feeding group; p=0·7), pneumonia (132 of 429 patients in the early-feeding group vs 133 of 430 patients in the delayed feeding group; p>0·9), and percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy placement at follow-up (30 of 429 patients in the early-feeding group vs 23 of 430 patients in the delayed feeding group). 6 Dennis M Lewis S Cranswick G Forbes J FOOD: a multicentre randomised trial evaluating feeding policies in patients admitted to hospital with a recent stroke. Health Technol Assess. 2006; 10: 1-120 Crossref Google Scholar Safety and efficacy of three enteral feeding strategies in patients with severe stroke in China (OPENS): a multicentre, prospective, randomised, open-label, blinded-endpoint trialIn the early phase of severe stroke, modified full enteral nutrition or hypocaloric enteral nutrition did not significantly reduce the risk of a poor outcomes compared with full enteral nutrition over a 90-day period. Hypocaloric enteral nutrition might be associated with increased mortality compared with modified full enteral nutrition. Further studies are needed to investigate whether modified full enteral nutrition might be the optimal strategy. Full-Text PDF