Abstract
Introduction: Osteoporosis falls among the major general health issues, specifically in the elderly, and is a widespread disease these days. According to various studies, good nutrition plays a significant role in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. The aim of this study was to conduct an extensive literature review on the effects of different nutrients to understand how macronutrients, micronutrients, and non-nutritive substances affect bone health.
 Methodology: To find relevant studies, the main keyword “osteoporosis” was searched in combination with “zinc,” “vitamin K,” “phosphorus,” “vitamin D,” “calcium,” “lipid,” “protein,” and “phytoestrogens” in PubMed (MEDLINE), Web of Science, SID, and Iran Medex databases.
 Findings: The most important element for bone health is calcium, which has a direct link to the bone mass density (BMD). In the case of calcium deficiency, high phosphorus content can damage bone tissue. The acceptable ratio of phosphorus to calcium is 0.5-1.5:1. Vitamin D is another important nutrient for bones; serum levels of vitamin D less than 20 ng/ml reduce bone density and increase the risk of fracture. High protein intake results in calcium excretion and loss of bone mass. In addition, calcium deficiency increases the risk of osteoporosis, specifically in the elderly. According to the literature, there is an inverse correlation between saturated fats and BMD. Vitamin K and magnesium deficiencies are correlated with BMD reduction and increased risk of osteoporosis. Copper and zinc are used as co-factors in the formation of collagen and elastin, and in mineralization of bone. As a result, deficiency of these elements may disrupt the process of incorporating minerals into the bone matrix.
 Conclusion: Good nutrition may play a significant role in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Indeed, a healthy diet containing calcium (1,200 mg/day); vitamin D (600 IU); and certain amounts of protein, magnesium, and vitamin K can contribute greatly to bone health.
Highlights
Osteoporosis falls among the major general health issues, in the elderly, and is a widespread disease these days
Good nutrition plays a significant role in osteoporosis prevention and treatment
The most important element for bone health is calcium, which has a direct link to the bone mass density (BMD)
Summary
Osteoporosis falls among the major general health issues, in the elderly, and is a widespread disease these days. Good nutrition plays a significant role in osteoporosis prevention and treatment. Calcium deficiency increases the risk of osteoporosis, in the elderly. Osteoporosis is among the major health issues, in the elderly It is one of the main causes of morbidity and mortality in this group of people 1,2. According to the definition of the World Health Organization, osteoporosis is a systematic skeletal disease, characterized by the loss of bone mass density (BMD) and damage to the microstructure of bone tissue, leading to increased bone vulnerability and risk of fracture 5,6. Good nutrition plays a significant role in osteoporosis prevention. In this regard, the most important nutrients are calcium and vitamin D. Paying attention to nutrition is an important component in the treatment and rehabilitation
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