Abstract
Although health benefits of the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet are established, it is not understood which food compounds result in these benefits. We used metabolomics to identify unique compounds from individual foods of a DASH-style diet and determined if these Food-Specific Compounds (FSC) are detectable in urine from participants in a DASH-style dietary study. We also examined relationships between urinary compounds and blood pressure (BP). Nineteen subjects were randomized into 6-week controlled DASH-style diet interventions. Mass spectrometry-based metabolomics was performed on 24-hour urine samples collected before and after each intervention and on 12 representative DASH-style foods. Between 66–969 compounds were catalogued as FSC; for example, 4-hydroxydiphenylamine was found to be unique to apple. Overall, 13–190 of these FSC were detected in urine, demonstrating that these unmetabolized food compounds can be discovered in urine using metabolomics. Although linear mixed effects models showed no FSC from the 12 profiled foods were significantly associated with BP, other endogenous and food-related compounds were associated with BP (N = 16) and changes in BP over time (N = 6). Overall, this proof of principle study demonstrates that metabolomics can be used to catalog FSC, which can be detected in participant urine following a dietary intervention.
Highlights
The primary finding of the original clinical study was that adopting a DASH-style diet reduced both SBP and DBP, regardless of whether lean pork or chicken/fish was the predominant protein source[11]
Analysis of individual foods showed a range of 531 compounds detected in tilapia to 2,292 compounds detected in grapefruit (Table 1, column 2)
Between 66–969 compounds were classified as FSC (Table 1, column 3)
Summary
The primary finding of the original clinical study was that adopting a DASH-style diet reduced both SBP and DBP, regardless of whether lean pork or chicken/fish was the predominant protein source[11]. We analyzed if any urinary FSC were associated with post-diet BP or change in BP. Because none of the urinary FSC had significant associations with post-diet BP, subsequent analysis focused on all urinary compounds, including both FSC and non- FSC compounds. Metabolomics results were first filtered to include only compounds that were present in at least 50% of the urine samples, resulting in 90 urinary compounds for analysis. The abundances of six urinary compounds had nominally significant associations (p < 0.05) with a change in SBP, two of which were nominally associated wit
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