Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects 8–16% of the population worldwide. In developed countries, the most important risk factors for CKD are diabetes, hypertension, and obesity, calling into question the importance of educating and acting on lifestyles and nutrition. A balanced diet and supplementation can indeed support the maintenance of a general health status, including preservation of renal function, and can help to manage and curb the main risk factors for renal damage. While the concept of protein and salt restriction in nephrology is historically acknowledged, the role of some nutrients in renal health and the importance of nutrition as a preventative measure for renal care are less known. In this narrative review, we provide an overview of the demonstrated and potential actions of some selected nutrients, nutraceuticals, and xenobiotics on renal health and function. The direct and indirect effects of fiber, protein, fatty acids, curcumin, steviol glycosides, green tea, coffee, nitrates, nitrites, and alcohol on kidney health are reviewed here. In view of functional and personalized nutrition, understanding the renal and systemic effects of dietary components is essential since many chronic conditions, including CKD, are related to systemic dysfunctions such as chronic low-grade inflammation.
Highlights
Among the environmental factors that affect human health, nutrition is of utmost importance, since dietary habits heavily influence the incidence and progression of a variety of pathologies, non-communicable diseases (NCDs)
The authors of this study found that constipation status and severity were correlated with an increased risk of incident Chronic kidney disease (CKD), end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and progressive decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate in a large cohort of 3,504,732 U.S veterans [21]
Fatty acids (FA) are important lipid components, mainly represented by triglycerides and phospholipids, which are derived from food or can be produced endogenously; they play an important role in chronic degenerative diseases with an inflammatory component [51]
Summary
Among the environmental factors that affect human health, nutrition is of utmost importance, since dietary habits heavily influence the incidence and progression of a variety of pathologies, non-communicable diseases (NCDs). The authors of this study found that constipation status and severity were correlated with an increased risk of incident CKD, end-stage renal disease (ESRD), and progressive decline of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) in a large cohort of 3,504,732 U.S veterans [21] The reasons underlying this association are unknown, but likely related to uremic toxin retention, increased intestinal barrier permeability, and colonic and systemic inflammation. Fiber is fundamental for intestinal and general wellness (Figure 1) It serves as nutrient for the saccharolytic microbiota, and plays a role in decreasing local and systemic inflammation by ameliorating gut barrier integrity through the release of short-chain fatty acids (SCFA) [5,9]. [6,13],some somerecent recent studies studies action of of fiber types such hashas been well demonstrated alsosuggest suggesta adirect direct action fiber types such as beta-glucans, psyllium, lupin kernel, soluble cocoa, and grape fiber on endothelial function and as beta-glucans, psyllium, lupin kernel, soluble cocoa, and grape fiber on endothelial function and hypertension [13,14]
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