Abstract
The distribution and the status of macronutrients and trace elements in surface soil samples originated mainly from organic deposits of Philippoi (northern Greece) were investigated. These soils are classified as Histosols and belong to the suborder of Saprists (1). The pH of examined samples ranged from 5.1 to 7.8 and the total soil nitrogen (Ntot) varied from 4.0 to 21.8 g kg−1. The total soil carbon (Ctot) ranged between 116.0 and 336.5 g kg−1, whereas the organic carbon (Corg) was between 109.4 and 335.5 g kg−1 and the C:N ratio varied between 12.4 and 29.3. Calcium carbonate (CaCO3) was not detected in all surface horizons, and the exchangeable calcium (Ca++) ranged between 12.95 and 54.65 cmol kg−1. This suggests the impact of aquatic organisms (which contain CaCO3) on soil enrichment with calcium by means of weathering process. Micronutrients extracted by 4 M HNO3 were in the following order iron (Fe)>manganese (Mn)>zinc (Zn)>copper (Cu). The distribution of trace elements extracted by DTPA varied considerably among the examined soil samples. The following range was found: Fe 97.5–579 mg kg−1, Mn 1.48–53.0 mg kg−1, Cu 0.24–10.4 mg kg−1, and Zn 0.5–23.9 mg kg−1. Total soil nitrogen was closely related to Corg, whereas soil properties showed considerable variability. This may reveal the factors responsible for deposition process, degree of soil development; part of this distribution may be attributed to intensive farming activities. Symptoms of Fe deficiency have been observed, which may be ascribed mainly to the presence of CaCO3. Deficiency of Cu was also recorded in maize (Zea mays L.) cultivated in slightly alkaline soils. Geostatistics have been used for a quantitative depiction in maps of nutrient status and variability. A combination of measures, such as water management, tillage practices, application of proper rotation schemes, and recommendation of rational fertilization practices, is expected to maintain soil quality and enhance fertility.
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