Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) is the most common cause of morbidity and mortality in developed countries. The prevalence of CVD is much higher in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), who may benefit from lifestyle changes, which include adapted diets. In this review, we provide the role of different groups of nutrients in patients with T2DM and CVD, as well as dietary approaches that have been associated with better and worse outcomes in those patients. Many different diets and supplements have proved to be beneficial in T2DM and CVD, but further studies, guidelines, and dietary recommendations are particularly required for patients with both diseases.
Highlights
Due to the link that obesity has with multiple metabolic dysfunctions that increase the risk of Cardiovascular disease (CVD), the aim of this review was to examine the importance of nutrition in patients with both type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and CVD
Trans-fatty acids (TFAs) promote coronary heart disease (CHD) and CHD mortality [51] as well as systemic inflammation in women with high body mass index (BMI), being associated with high tumor necrosis factor (TNF) activity and increased IL-6 and C-reactive protein levels [73]. Both trans-palmitoleic acid and pentadecanoic acid increased in T2DM patients with a high-fat diet compared with their low-fat diet counterparts and controls, being associated with changes in triglycerides, total cholesterol, and very-low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C) [74], no changes were found on glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), body weight, body composition, lipid profile, and blood pressure of those patients, irrespective of the dietary fat content in those patients [75]
Different studies have suggested that atherosclerosis and T2DM are mainly driven by hyperglycemia due to IR, promoting inflammatory mediators, cellular damage, or other immune disruptions which could result in susceptibility to infections [89,90]
Summary
Carlos Jiménez-Cortegana 1,† , Pedro Iglesias 2 , Josep Ribalta 3 , Teresa Vilariño-García 1 , Laura Montañez 4 , Francisco Arrieta 4 , Manuel Aguilar 5 , Santiago Durán 6 , Juan C. Obaya 7 , Antonio Becerra 8 , Juan Pedro-Botet 9 , Víctor Sánchez-Margalet 1, * and on behalf of the Cardiovascular Disease Working Group of the Spanish Society of Diabetes (SED) ‡. Endocrinology and Nutrition Service, University Hospital “Puerta del Mar”, Instituto de Investigación e. Present address: Department of Radiation Oncology, Weill Cornell Medical College, New York, NY 14853, USA. Membership of the Cardiovascular Disease Working Group of the Spanish Society of Diabetes (SED) is provided in the Acknowledgments
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