Abstract
The aim of this study was to identify and describe the diversity of nutrient patterns and how they associate with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors including body mass index in rural black South African adolescents. Nutrient patterns were identified from quantified food frequency questionnaires (QFFQ) in 388 rural South African adolescents between the ages of 11–15 years from the Agincourt Health and Socio-demographic Surveillance System (AHDSS). Principle Component Analysis (PCA) was applied to 25 nutrients derived from QFFQs. Multiple linear regression and partial R2 models were fitted and computed respectively for each of the retained principal component (PC) scores on socio-demographic and lifestyle characteristics including body mass index (BMI) for age Z scores. Four nutrient patterns explaining 79% of the total variance were identified: PCI (26%) was characterized by animal derived nutrients; PC2 (21%) by vitamins, fibre and vegetable oil nutrients; PC3 (19%) by both animal and plant derived nutrients (mixed diet driven nutrients); and PC4 (13%) by starch and folate. A positive and significant association was observed with BMI for age Z scores per 1 standard deviation (SD) increase in PC1 (0.13 (0.02; 0.24); p = 0.02) and PC4 (0.10 (−0.01; 0.21); p = 0.05) scores only. We confirmed variability in nutrient patterns that were significantly associated with various lifestyle factors including obesity.
Highlights
The assessment of food and/or nutrient patterns and their relation with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and obesity is an alternative to the traditional approach focusing on single foods or nutrients.outcomes because of difficulties in explaining interactions between nutrients and in the lack of ability to detect small effects from single nutrients [1]
We aim to identify and describe the diversity of nutrient patterns and how depicted patterns associate with socio-demographic and lifestyle factors including body mass index (BMI) in rural black South
No significant associations with BMI for age Z scores were observed for PC2 and PC3 and not presented. This is the first study to our knowledge to identify and describe nutrient patterns and how they relate to various variables/outcomes including obesity in rural black South African adolescents
Summary
The assessment of food and/or nutrient patterns and their relation with non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and obesity is an alternative to the traditional approach focusing on single foods or nutrients.outcomes because of difficulties in explaining interactions between nutrients and in the lack of ability to detect small effects from single nutrients [1]. Identifying food or nutrient patterns is less complex methodologically and more relevant from a biological and physiological point of view as they allow the analysis of a small number of patterns rather than an array of individual foods and intakes of nutrients that are usually inter-correlated [2,3] This approach offers a strong complementary strategy to capture the intrinsic complexity of diet, the inter-relationships between different components and the heterogeneity in food and nutrient patterns existing within and between populations [1,4]. Both food and nutrient pattern analyses have been conducted on usual food consumption derived from quantitative food frequency questionnaires using exploratory dimension reduction methods (i.e., principal component analysis) to empirically derive patterns. In contrast to food patterns, limited work has been done on nutrient patterns analysis to date, [3,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22] with no data available for either approach in Africa
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