Nutrient Incorporation in First Feeding Seahorses Evidenced by Stable Carbon Isotopes.

Sonia Valladares,Miquel Planas

doi:10.3390/ani11020470

Sonia Valladares, Miquel Planas

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/ani11020470

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Abstract

Simple SummaryStable isotopes were used to assess the assimilation of food in early juvenile seahorses of Hippocampus guttulatus reared under two feeding conditions: Artemia or copepods. The results suggest that copepods are more efficiently assimilated than Artemia since higher growth and survival were related to copepods feeding. Also, the consumption and assimilation of preys by juvenile seahorses could be traced using stable carbon isotopes as the stable carbon isotope values in seahorses approached the values of the corresponding diet. To our knowledge, it is the first study to assess nutrient assimilation in a seahorse species using stable isotopes.Nutritional issues are among the most critical factors in the initial survival of juvenile seahorses. Currently, there is a knowledge gap on the relationship between nutrient assimilation and the effects on initial mortalities and growth. In the present study, the stable isotope approach was used to assess the incorporation of two live preys (Artemia and copepods) in juvenile seahorses Hippocampus guttulatus. The changes in stable carbon isotope (δ13C) values were studied through two feeding experiments: feeding on Artemia or copepods (experiment 1), and shifting feeding from copepods to Artemia (experiment 2). In experiment 1, after 24–48 h of feeding, juvenile seahorses exhibited small but progressive changes in δ13C values towards those of the corresponding diet, indicating that the assimilation of the food offered was progressively enhanced from days 2–3. Similarly, in experiment 2, a diet shifting from copepods to Artemia caused an increase in δ13C values, reflecting a switch towards the isotopically enriched new diet (Artemia metanauplii). Differences in the assimilation efficiency of preys offered are discussed based on growth and survival rates. The enhanced growth performances and survivals achieved when the juveniles were fed on copepods could be related to higher efficient assimilation of copepods compared to Artemia. The present study demonstrates that the consumption and further assimilation of preys by juvenile seahorses could be traced using stable carbon isotopes. The research on nutrient assimilation of juvenile seahorses should enhance our knowledge on nutrient processes in developing seahorses for a better understanding of initial ontogeny in the early life stages of the species.

Highlights

The increasing demand for seahorses in traditional Chinese medicine, the aquarium trade and for curiosity is mostly supplied by wild-caught seahorses, leading to overexploitation and negative impact on natural populations [1,2]
In experiment 1, final dry weight in 20 DAR juveniles fed on copepods
Final standard length was significantly higher when feeding on copepods than on Artemia (30.87 ± 1.89 and 27.96 ± 2.35 mm, respectively) (t-test = 2.84, p = 0.01) (Table 1, Figure 1C)

Summary

Introduction

The increasing demand for seahorses in traditional Chinese medicine, the aquarium trade and for curiosity is mostly supplied by wild-caught seahorses, leading to overexploitation and negative impact on natural populations [1,2]. In this context, seahorse culture represents an alternative to reduce fishing pressure on wild stocks [3,4]. Recent studies have dedicated much effort to study factors affecting the survival and growth of juvenile seahorses, mainly on prey type preferences, prey enrichment, temperature, light regime and rearing density [8,9,10,11,12]. Feeding is among the most decisive factors in determining initial survival in seahorse juveniles, especially regarding nutritional requirements, feeding efficiency, and digestive capabilities [13,14,15,16]

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