Abstract
Halophytes are increasingly regarded as suitable extractive species and co-products for coastal Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and studying their lipidome is a valid means towards their economic valorization. Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen edible leaves are rich in functional lipids with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical relevance and the present study aimed to investigate the extent to which its lipidome remains unchanged under a range of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations typical of aquaculture effluents. Lipidomics analysis, done by hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatography coupled to high resolution mass spectrometry, identified 175 lipid species in the lipid extract of leaves: 140 phospholipids (PLs) and 35 glycolipids (GLs). Plants irrigated with a saline solution with 20–100 mg DIN-N L−1 and 3–15.5 mg DIP-P L−1 under a 1-week hydraulic retention time displayed a relatively stable lipidome. At lower concentrations (6 mg DIN-N L−1 and 0.8 mg DIP-P L−1), plants exhibited less PLs and GLs per unit of leaves dry weight and the GLs fraction of the lipidome changed significantly. This study reveals the importance of analyzing the lipidomic profile of halophytes under different nutritional regimens in order to establish nutrient-limitation thresholds and assure production conditions that deliver a final product with a consistent lipid profile.
Highlights
Halophytes are increasingly regarded as suitable extractive species and co-products for coastal Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and studying their lipidome is a valid means towards their economic valorization
Non-significant differences were detected between each treatment and the control (CT), with a tendency for increased lipid content in the leaves of H. portulacoides at higher concentrations of N and P in the solution: [N,P]low yielded 6,18 ± 0,99 g 100 g−1 of leaves dry weight (DW), followed by [N,P]med, with 7.96 ± 2.05 g 100 g−1 DW; and 9.23 ± 3.06 g 100 g−1 DW for [N,P]high
The present study evaluated the polar lipidome signature of leaves from hydroponically grown H. portulacoides under different concentrations of N and P
Summary
Halophytes are increasingly regarded as suitable extractive species and co-products for coastal Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) and studying their lipidome is a valid means towards their economic valorization. Halimione portulacoides (L.) Aellen edible leaves are rich in functional lipids with nutraceutical and pharmaceutical relevance and the present study aimed to investigate the extent to which its lipidome remains unchanged under a range of dissolved inorganic nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations typical of aquaculture effluents. In the context of aquaculture, recent studies have been testing the integration of halophytes production as an approach to extract nutrients from nutrient-rich saline effluents produced by fish-farming activities, which have been recently reviewed by Custódio et al (2017)[13] These investigations are typically performed in the context of Integrated Multi-Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA), a conceptual production model regarded as a more sustainable solution for the aquaculture industry[14,15,16,17]. Lipid profile was evaluated by state of the art lipidomics analysis using HILIC coupled with mass spectrometry (MS) and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS), bioinformatic tools and statistical analysis
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