Abstract
Palmaria palmata L. (Palmariaceae), commonly known as “dulse”, is a red alga that grows on the northern coasts of the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, and is widely used as source of fiber and protein. Dulse is reported to contain anti-inflammatory and antioxidant compounds, albeit no study has investigated these effects in primary human neutrophils. Implication strategies to diminish neutrophil activation have the potential to prevent pathological states. We evaluated the ability of a phenolic dulse extract (DULEXT) to modulate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated activation of primary human neutrophils. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) were measured by fluorescence analysis and nitric oxide (NO) production using the Griess reaction. Inflammatory enzymes and cytokines were detected by ELISA and RT-qPCR. The results show that DULEXT diminished the neutrophil activation related to the down-regulation of TLR4 mRNA expression, deceased gene expression and the LPS-induced release of the chemoattractant mediator IL-8 and the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, IL-6 and TNF-α. ROS, NO, and myeloperoxidase (MPO) were also depressed. The data indicated that DULEXT has the potential to disrupt the activation of human primary neutrophils and the derived inflammatory and prooxidant conditions, and suggest a new role for Palmaria palmata L. in the regulation of the pathogenesis of health disorders in which neutrophils play a key role, including atherosclerosis.
Highlights
In the western world, macroalgae are used predominantly as a source of functional and technological ingredients in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries [1]
We evaluated the ability of a phenolic dulse extract (DULEXT) to modulate the lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated activation of primary human neutrophils
Similar effects were observed after quantifying myeloperoxidase (MPO) release in culture supernatants compared to LPS-stimulated cells, depressing pro-oxidant enzyme concentration in the presence of DULEXT (Figure 1b)
Summary
Macroalgae are used predominantly as a source of functional and technological ingredients in the food, pharmaceutical, and cosmetic industries [1]. Previous experimental studies with macroalgal extracts or constituents have reported potent anti-inflammatory [7,8] and antioxidant activity [9], albeit there are relatively few studies of these effects on humans [10]. Several in vivo animal studies have reported a range of red seaweed species to have anti-inflammatory activity [12,13,14,15]. For P. palmata, this anti-inflammatory activity has been attributed to its relatively high proportion of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) concentration and its favorably low ω-6/ω-3 ratio (0.13) [16,17,18,19]. There is a relatively small body of literature concerning both anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties of P. palmata compounds in humans [7]
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