Abstract
Personalized, stratified, or precision medicine (PM) introduces a new era in healthcare that tries to identify and predict optimum treatment outcomes for a patient or a cohort. It also introduces new scientific terminologies regarding therapeutic approaches and the need of their adoption from healthcare providers. Till today, evidence-based practice (EBP) was focusing on population averages and their variances among cohorts for clinical values that are essential for optimizing healthcare outcome. It can be stated that EBP and PM are complementary approaches for a modern healthcare system. Healthcare providers through EBP often see the forest (population averages) but miss the trees (individual patients), whereas utilization of PM may not see the forest for the trees. Nursing personnel (NP) play an important role in modern healthcare since they are consulting, educating, and providing care to patients whose needs often needs to be individualized (personalized nursing care, PNC). Based on the clinical issues earlier addressed from clinical pharmacology, EBP, and now encompassed in PM, this review tries to describe the challenges that NP have to face in order to meet the requisites of the new era in healthcare. It presents the demands that should be met for upgrading the provided education and expertise of NP toward an updated role in a modern healthcare system.
Highlights
The achievements in health-related scientific disciplines continuously gain attention among healthcare providers as well as among academia and industry [1]
Over the previous years, new scientific fields have emerged in precision medicine (PM) toward a new era in medicine, and it is shifting from reactive or one-size-fits all scenarios, toward participatory, preventive, predictive, and personalized (P4) methods [4,5]
This review aims to provide a brief description of how clinical pharmacology and (Figure 1)
Summary
The achievements in health-related scientific disciplines continuously gain attention among healthcare providers as well as among academia and industry [1]. Differences due to changes in physiology from disease progression, disease genomic background, or underlying polymorphisms can result in different pharmacological and clinical outcomes between patients with the same disease and similar dose administration of the same drug In this respect, the attending NP should be able to recognize and report potential differences in the observed clinical outcome and should be capable of associating any potential intra- and/or inter-subject variability in genetic/genomic variances among subjects. NP, in order to be able to provide advanced clinical practice in modern healthcare system should fully acquire and utilize all this knowledge and integrate these new fields in continuing professional development regarding rationality, effectiveness, and safety of therapy administration in patients
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