Abstract
Background Physical restraint is a common practice in the intensive care units which often result in frequent skin laceration at restraint site, limb edema, restricted circulation, and worsening of agitation that may even end in death. Despite the sensitivity of the problem, however, it is felt that there are nurses' evidence-based practice gaps in Ethiopia. To emphasize the importance of this subject, relevant evidence is required to develop protocols and to raise evidence-based practices of health professionals. So, this study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and influencing factors of nurses regarding physical restraint use in the intensive care units in northwest Ethiopia. Methods An institution-based cross-sectional study was maintained from March to September 2019 at Amhara regional state referral hospitals, northwest Ethiopia. A total of 260 nurses in the intensive care units were invited to take part in the study by a convenience sampling technique. The Level of Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices of Staff regarding Physical Restraints Questionnaire was used to assess the nurses' knowledge and attitude. Linear regression analysis was employed to examine the influencing factors of knowledge and attitude. Adjusted unstandardized beta (β) coefficient with a 95% confidence interval was used to report the result of association with a p value < 0.05 statistical significance level. Result The mean scores of nurses' knowledge and attitude regarding physical restraint use among critically ill patients were 7.81 ± 1.89 and 33.75 ± 6.50, respectively. These mean scores are above the scale midpoint nearer to the higher ranges which imply a moderate level of knowledge and a good attitude regarding physical restraint. Lower academic qualification and short (<2 years) work experience were associated with lower-level of knowledge, and reading about restraint from any source and taken training regarding restraints were factors associated with a higher knowledge. Diploma and bachelor's in academic qualification were significantly associated with a negative attitude regarding restraint. Besides, there was a more positive attitude among nurses with a higher level of knowledge and who received training regarding physical restraint use. Conclusion The nurses working in the intensive care unit had a moderate level of knowledge and a good attitude regarding physical restraint use. So, developing and providing educational and in-service training to the nurses regarding physical restraint are necessary to strengthen the quality of care for critically ill patients.
Highlights
Physical restraint is the action or procedure restricting a person’s freedom of movement, physical activity, or normal access to his/her body by the use of any physical or mechanical tools and devices attached to the patient’s body [1, 2]
Several works of literature reported that the prevalence of physical restraint use among critically ill patients ranged from 62% to 79% worldwide [9,10,11,12]
A multicentered institution-based cross-sectional study was conducted among nurses working in intensive care unit (ICU) at Amhara Regional State Referral Hospitals (ARSRHs), Northwest Ethiopia, from July to August 2019. ere are five referral hospitals (Felege-Hiwot, Dessie, Debre-Markos, Debre-Birhan, and University of Gondar referral hospitals) in which intensive care is provided for critically ill patients
Summary
Physical restraint is the action or procedure restricting a person’s freedom of movement, physical activity, or normal access to his/her body by the use of any physical or mechanical tools and devices attached to the patient’s body [1, 2] It is commonly used in hospitals especially in the intensive care unit settings when patients’ are confused, physically harmful to themselves and others, and when the alternative methods are inadequate or contraindicated [1,2,3]. This study aimed to assess the knowledge, attitude, and influencing factors of nurses regarding physical restraint use in the intensive care units in northwest Ethiopia. E nurses working in the intensive care unit had a moderate level of knowledge and a good attitude regarding physical restraint use. Developing and providing educational and in-service training to the nurses regarding physical restraint are necessary to strengthen the quality of care for critically ill patients
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