Numerical study on the response of two footings at Bothkennar research site

Abstract

This paper presents a numerical study of the performance of two instrumented surface footings at the Bothkennar Clay research site in the UK. Footing A was loaded to failure over 4 days, reaching a net bearing capacity of qr = 138 kPa; footing B was loaded to 89 kPa, at an identical loading rate, and left to consolidate under maintained load for about 11 years. The preloaded footing was then loaded to failure over 3 days, reaching qr = 204 kPa. The increase in bearing capacity was significantly larger than that expected due to consolidation effects alone, and it is anticipated that the occurrence of creep and other ageing processes may have played a major role in the observed response. The complete loading history of the two footings is simulated by means of coupled axi-symmetric finite-element analyses in which the foundation soil is described using an elastic–viscoplastic model that mimics isotach viscosity. The ground profile and the model parameters are derived based on the extensive laboratory and field test data available in the literature. The numerical analyses are able to describe accurately the footings behaviour during first loading, the development of delayed settlement under maintained load and the increase in bearing capacity due to preloading. The paper emphasises various issues regarding the application of elastic–viscoplastic models to model boundary value problems in conditions close to failure.