Numerical study on fly ash–Cu hybrid nanofluid heat transfer characteristics

Abstract

The current numerical study is aimed to examine the forced convection heat transfer of fly ash-Copper (80:20% by volume) water-based hybrid nanofluids flowing in a horizontal circular copper tube under a constant heat flux of 7962W/m2 using STAR CCM+ software. The volume concentrations of 0.5% and 1% are considered for the analysis within the Reynolds number range of 6900-26500. The findings show that the heat transfer coefficient and the Nusselt number of hybrid nanofluid at a concentration of 1 vol.% are increased by about 66.0% and 36.67% compared to that of water.