Abstract
Photothermal therapy can serve as an alternative to classic surgery in the treatment of patients with cancer. However, using photothermal therapy can result in local overheating and damage to normal tissues. Therefore, it is important to determine effective heating conditions based on heat transfer. In this study, we analyzed laser–tissue interactions in gold nanoparticle (GNP)-enhanced photothermal therapy based on the theory of heat transfer. The thermal behavior inside tissues during photothermal therapy was analyzed using numerical analysis. The apoptosis ratio was defined by deriving the area having a temperature distribution between 43 °C and 50 °C, which is required for inducing apoptosis. Thermal damage, caused by local heating, was defined using the thermal hazard value. Using this approach, we confirmed that apoptosis can be predicted with respect to tumor size (aspect ratio) and heating conditions (laser intensity and radius) in photothermal therapy with a continuous-wave laser. Finally, we determined the effective apoptosis ratio and thermal hazard value of normal tissue according to tumor size and heating conditions, thereby establishing conditions for inducing maximal levels of cell apoptosis with minimal damage to normal tissue. The optimization conditions proposed in this study can be a gentle and effective treatment option for photothermal therapy.
Highlights
Photothermal therapy is a technique for eradicating tumors using the photothermal effect, in which light energy, represented by a laser, is converted to thermal energy as shown in Figure 1 [1]
Thermal energy can be generated by microwaves and electromagnetic waves [10,11]; laser-induced thermal treatment (LITT) in the near-infrared (NIR) region is preferable in photothermal therapy because the heating intensity and range in LITT can be controlled [12,13]
Theya geometry investigated temperature change using a numerical model a numerical model with similar the to that of the actual skin tissue and confirmed that the temperature canthat be controlled by asymmetric periodic and heating. These provided with a geometry similar to of the actual skin tissue confirmed thatstudies the temperature can be data on the properties of heat transfer used in photothermal therapy, they did not controlled byqualitative asymmetric periodic heating. These studies provided qualitative data on the quantitatively establish a clear relationship between the rate of apoptosis and the tumor size properties of, heating conditions, and thermal damage to the the surrounding tissues. and the tumor size, heating relationship between rate of apoptosis conditions, and thermal damage to the surrounding tissues
Summary
Photothermal therapy is a technique for eradicating tumors using the photothermal effect, in which light energy, represented by a laser, is converted to thermal energy as shown in Figure 1 [1]. These provided with a geometry similar to of the actual skin tissue confirmed thatstudies the temperature can be data on the properties of heat transfer used in photothermal therapy, they did not controlled byqualitative asymmetric periodic heating These studies provided qualitative data on the quantitatively establish a clear relationship between the rate of apoptosis and the tumor size properties of (represented heat transfer used photothermal therapy, they notand quantitatively establish a clear by the aspectinratio), heating conditions (such as laser did intensity radius), and thermal damage to the the surrounding tissues. We quantitatively evaluated the apoptosis ratio inside the tumor, as well as the thermal hazard values of the tumor and surrounding tissues, with respect to heating conditions and size alterations of the target tumor (Figure 1) Using this approach, we numerically established the relationships between elements of photothermal therapy, apoptosis, and thermally induced hazard effects on the tumor
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