Abstract
Antibiotics are extensively applied in aquaculture for the treatment of microbial infections and to improve production. Among various antibiotics, sulfonamides (SA) are popular in fish farming, and SA residues in the aquatic environment have detrimental effects on both ecosystem and human health. Understanding the fate of SA in the aquatic environment is a basic necessity to provide an approach for solving the current problem. In this study, a two-dimensional lattice Boltzmann model was introduced to investigate the transport and occurrence of SA in Laizhou Bay, a prosperous aquaculture area in China. The model is based on the shallow-water equations and advection-diffusion equation with the Bhatnagaar–Gross–Krook scheme. Experimental data are used to verify the model after numerical simulations and the results illustrate the accuracy of the proposed model. This model provides a potential universal method for the simulation of the fate of antibiotics in the aquatic environment.
Highlights
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms by individuals or groups with the goal of enhancing their production
The majority of aquaculture production relies on the use of antibiotics and input of other artificial substances to treat or prevent disease and to accelerate growth
The coastlines were treated with wet-dry boundary condition [20], whereas the open boundary was set as a tidal wave
Summary
Aquaculture is the farming of aquatic organisms by individuals or groups with the goal of enhancing their production. Studies on antibiotic residues in the aquatic environment as well as in fish products are numerous [2,3,4]. The LBM is recommended as a mesoscopic method due to its nature It can describe particle microscopic behaviors with a simpler form and accurately reflect flow movements at a macroscopic level compared with traditional methods. It has been extensively used by researchers for the simulation of fluid flows [15,16,17]. The results of this study can be used to aid the understanding the environmental risks of antibiotic mixture exposures to aquatic species and human health in the future
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