Abstract
Abstract In this research, the accuracy of the Flow-3D numerical model in the flow simulation in a stepped spillway was probed using data obtained from the physical model. In addition, the effects of block barriers on the energy dissipation rate were investigated. To adopt a proper turbulent model, Renormalization Group k-ε, RNG k-ε, and standard k-ε models were employed. Then, the Flow-3D was run in five discharges for nine spillways with the ratios of block length to step length (Lb/l) and block height to step height (Hb/h) as 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5. The results indicated that both turbulent models had almost similar outcomes though the run time of the RNG k-ε model was shorter. The blocks with a shorter length in low ratios of Hb/h and the lengthier blocks in high ratios of Hb/h undergo more relative energy dissipation relative to the no-block situation. For Hb/h = 0.3 and Lb/l equal to 0.3, 0.4, and 0.5, the relative energy dissipation climbed on average as 8.5, 6.5, and 4.5% respectively, compared with the no-block case. The most influence exerted on relative energy dissipation was obtained via the blocks with Hb/h = Lb/l equal to 0.3 and 0.5 with respective increases of 8.6 and 8.4%.
Highlights
Spillways are typically utilized in dams to prevent water overtopping and to reduce the risk of the ensuing dam failure (Najafzadeh et al )
Since the physical experiments were carried out on the 21.8 stepped spillway in the no-block situation, the simulation of the flow passing over the spillway was performed in the conditions similar to those of the physical model before comparing the results
The experiments of Naderi Rad et al ( ) on the stepped spillway were performed with h/l 1⁄4 1 along with three height ratios as Hb/h 1⁄4 0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 while utilizing flat end sills
Summary
Spillways are typically utilized in dams to prevent water overtopping and to reduce the risk of the ensuing dam failure (Najafzadeh et al ). The dissipation of the flow energy at the spillways’ downstream is the focus of attention for the researchers. For this purpose, dissipator structures such as step, stilling basin, baffle, plunge pool, and flip bucket are employed (Farhoudi et al ; Najafzadeh ; Castillo et al ; Karami Moghadam et al , ). The dissipation of energy on the face of the spillway causes a great diminishing of the stilling basin’s length at downstream (Babaali et al ). Along with the technology advancement and by introducing the Roller Compacted Concrete method, the construction time of the spillways was shortened, and while becoming easier to maintain, the energy dissipation increased in these structures (Mansoori et al )
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