Abstract
Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Arc, Italy) experiences many mass failures along the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) scar, which frequently trigger tsunamis of various sizes. In this work, we simulate tsunami waves generated by landslides occurring in the SdF through numerical simulations carried out in two steps: (i) the tsunami triggering, wave propagation and the effects on Stromboli are simulated using the 3D non-hydrostatic model NHWAVE; (ii) generated train waves are then input into the 2D Boussinesq model FUNWAVE-TVD to simulate wave propagation in the Southern Tyrrhenian Sea (STS). We simulated the following scenarios: (i) the tsunami runup, inland inundation and wave propagation at Stromboli triggered by submarine landslides with volumes of 7.1, 11.8, 17.6 and 23.5 × 106 m3 and subaerial landslides with volumes of 4.7, 7.1, 11.8 and 35.3 × 106 m3; (ii) tsunami propagation in the STS triggered by submarine landslides with volumes of 11.8 and 17.6 × 106 m3 and by subaerial landslides with volumes of 7.1 and 35.3 × 106 m3. We estimate that the damages of the last relevant tsunami at Stromboli, which occurred in 2002, could have been generated either by a subaqueous failure of about 17.6-23.5 × 106 m3 along the SdF or/and a subaerial failure of about 4.7-7.1 × 106 m3. The coasts most affected by this phenomenon are not necessarily located near the failure, because the bathymetry and topography can dramatically increase the waves heights locally. Tsunami waves are able to reach the first Stromboli populated beaches in just over 1 minute and the harbour in less than 7 minutes. After about 30 minutes the whole Aeolian Arc would be impacted by maximum tsunami waves. After 1 hour and 20 minutes, waves would encompass the whole STS arriving at Capri.
Highlights
Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Arc, Italy) experiences many mass failures along the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) scar, which frequently trigger tsunamis of various sizes
This activity is periodically interrupted by flank eruptions or paroxysmal explosions[1,2], which often contribute in generating large mass failures along the most unstable sector of the volcanic edifice: the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) depression, on the NW flank of the island (Fig. 1)
The novelty and advancements introduced by using Non-Hydrostatic WAVE model (NHWAVE) and FUNWAVE-total variation diminishing” (TVD) for simulating tsunami at Stromboli are: (1) the possibility to compare the results of Tinti et al.[7] with those obtained with different codes; (2) NHWAVE is not a simple depth average code, but a 3D code that allows a number of vertical levels; (3) NHWAVE can calculate directly inland penetration and runup; (4) NHWAVE and FUNWAVE-TVD are freely available codes; (5) NHWAVE and FUNWAVE-TVD are used by different research groups and have been benchmarked
Summary
Stromboli volcano (Aeolian Arc, Italy) experiences many mass failures along the Sciara del Fuoco (SdF) scar, which frequently trigger tsunamis of various sizes. We used the non-hydrostatic three-dimensional (sigma-layer) model NHWAVE12 to generate and propagate tsunami waves caused by various SdF flank failures, both aerial and subaqueous, as well as to estimate their impact on Stromboli. This work is aimed at providing a more comprehensive tsunami impact assessment at Stromboli and in all STS coastlines by simulating for the first time several landslide scenarios at different scales of observation. Coastal bathymetry and local inland topography controls the tsunami runup and inland penetration For these reason, topo-bathymetric computational grid must be as updated as possible and must have the best possible resolution. Propagation and runup on Stromboli were simulated by using Non-Hydrostatic WAVE model (NHWAVE)[12]. The slide has a nearly elliptical footprint on the slope, with length b and width w, and vertical cross sections varying according to truncated hyperbolic secant functions in the two orthogonal directions, ξ and η, with maximum thickness T (Fig. 1, inset)[12,21], which is given by: ζ
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