Abstract
Super Typhoon Nepartak (2016) was used for this case study because it is the most intense typhoon that made landfall in Taiwan in the past decade. Winds extracted from the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSV2) and ERA5 datasets and merged with a parametric typhoon model using two hybrid techniques served as the meteorological conditions for driving a coupled wave-circulation model. The computed significant wave heights were compared with the observations recorded at three wave buoys in the eastern waters of Taiwan. Model performance in terms of significant wave height was also investigated by employing the CFSV2 winds under varying spatial and temporal resolutions. The results of the numerical experiments reveal that the simulated storm wave heights tended to decrease significantly due to the lower spatial resolution of the hourly winds from the CFSV2 dataset; however, the variations in the storm wave height simulations were less sensitive to the temporal resolution of the wind field. Introducing the combination of the CFSV2 and the parametric typhoon winds greatly improved the storm wave simulations, and similar phenomena can be found in the exploitation of the ERA5 dataset blended into the parametric wind field. The overall performance of the hybrid winds derived from ERA5 was better than that from the CFSV2, especially in the outer region of Super Typhoon Nepartak (2016).
Highlights
Typhoons are usually associated with extreme wind waves and storm surges, impacting navigational safety, infrastructure in nearshore and offshore waters, and coastal habitats [1,2,3,4,5]
The winds from the Climate Forecast System version 2 (CFSV2) and ERA5, as well as winds from a combination of an modified Rankine vortex (MRV) model with the CFSV2 and ERA5 through the different techniques were exerted on the scale hydroscience integrated system model (SCHISM)-wind wave model version III (WWM-III) to simulate the significant wave height (SWH) during Super Typhoon Nepartak (2016)
The numerical experiments conducted in the present study show that the storm wave height simulations in both nearshore and offshore areas benefit from inputting the integrations of CFSV2 or ERA5 winds with the MRV typhoon model
Summary
Typhoons are usually associated with extreme wind waves and storm surges, impacting navigational safety, infrastructure in nearshore and offshore waters (harbors, seawalls, lighthouses, etc.), and coastal habitats [1,2,3,4,5]. The oceanic and coastal hazards caused by typhoon-driven storm waves pose a greater threat to human life, property, and infrastructure than storm surges in Taiwan. This is true when a super typhoon makes landfall in Taiwan. A seawall at a fishing port near the southeastern coastal waters of Taiwan was broken in 2018 by large storm waves from several typhoons (as shown in the upper-right panel of Figure 1); a lighthouse located in a fishing port in the southeastern offshore waters was destroyed by Super Typhoon Meranti-induced extreme storm waves in 2016 (as shown in the lower-right panel of Figure 1). The strength evaluation of oil platforms and wind turbine supporting systems is highly dependent on simulating extreme waves accurately [8,9]
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