Numerical Simulation of Fluid Flow in a Gas-Stirred Ladle Using a Particle-Free Surface Coupled Model

Abstract

A particle-free surface coupled (PFC) model was developed using the Eulerian–Eulerian approach to predict fluid flow behavior in a gas-stirred ladle. The relative parameters of the model have been optimized, and the model was validated against measured values. The present model can simultaneously predict the bubble trajectories, free surface fluctuations, and the formation of slag open-eye in a wide range of gas flow rates.