Abstract
In traditional tunneling, an analysis of the face stability is required to avoid failure mechanisms or excessive face extrusion. Face reinforcement can improve face stability and reduce deformations. In the present work a numerical study of both unreinforced and reinforced tunnel excavation faces by means of 3D FEM analyses is presented. The results are compared with those of the traditional limit equilibrium method and with an analytical solution based on previous numerical studies. It could be shown that the LEM may lead to non-conservative results. Finally, the deformation response is assessed and the benefits of face reinforcements are investigated.
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