Numerical modeling of observed effective flow behavior in unsaturated heterogeneous sands

Abstract

The concept of effective parameters has been introduced in recent years to represent the spatial variability of natural soils in numerical simulation models. In the present study, effective hydraulic properties of unsaturated flow were investigated for the case of a two‐dimensional heterogeneous laboratory tank. Hydraulic parameter estimates obtained from simple statistical averages, inverse procedures, and a stochastic theory were compared to effective retention and hydraulic conductivity characteristics measured for the whole tank at steady state. The applicability of the effective parameter estimates was investigated by comparing transient flow events monitored in the laboratory tank with simulated results based on those estimates. Capillary suction measurements were simulated reasonably well using several straightforward arithmetic and geometric statistical averaging approaches, whereas most averaging approaches simulated too slow a response in the outflow rate. An alternative approach involving a combination of arithmetic and geometric averaging of the measured values more closely simulated the observed relatively fast changes in outflow rate. Generally, the simulations based on the measurements of effective properties performed quite well, indicating that the fundamental concept of effective parameters may be valid for this type of heterogeneous soil system.