Abstract
Even though models of water quality have become increasingly detailed over time, their applicability to analyze long-term effect on sedimentary bed formation is yet to be clarified. Hence, an integrated, layer-resolved, process-based, sediment–water coupled, long-term robust, three-dimensional (3D) ecosystem model, including realistic sedimentary and pelagic processes, was developed. The constituents of the integrated model included a multi layered ecosystem model, a quasi-three dimensional hydrodynamic model, a wave hindcasting model, and a sediment deposition and erosion model. Because numerical modeling difficulties arise in setting the initial conditions, especially for a sedimentary bed, this novel modeling approach suggests to initiate the model with the simplest initial conditions of no particulate organic carbon content (POCC) and uniform inorganic sediment distribution. The model was applied to Tokyo Bay and quasi-steady state POCC in the sediment was obtained through long-term computation with realistic sedimentary and pelagic processes. Wave induced bed shear stress (WBSS) is critical for sediment erosion and spatial movement of sediment pollution, while a stable morphology is determined by the balance between the current induced bed shear stress (CBSS) and WBSS in Tokyo Bay. This novel modeling approach, with the simplest sedimentary initial conditions and realistic sedimentary and pelagic processes, provides a great tool for long-term ecosystem modeling in future studies.
Highlights
The occurrence of seasonal hypoxic and anoxic environments in shallow coastal and estuarine waters in the world has increased in the recent past, with the ensuing adverse effects to biodiversity, fisheries, and food webs
We have proposed a novel approach for benthic–pelagic coupled water quality modeling with initial inorganic sediment that becomes polluted over time with the accumulation of particulate organic carbon (POC)
The model was validated for vertical distributions of the water quality parameters of salinity, temperature, chlorophyll a, dissolved oxygen (DO) ammonium, phosphate, nitrate, and silica, at the three locations of Chiba lighthouse (CLH), Keiyo sea birth (KSB), and Tokyo lighthouse (TLH), for the period from April 1999 to March 2000 [43]
Summary
The occurrence of seasonal hypoxic and anoxic environments in shallow coastal and estuarine waters in the world has increased in the recent past, with the ensuing adverse effects to biodiversity, fisheries, and food webs. In order to fill this gap, with the advancement in computer technology, numerical water quality models have emerged and have been extensively developed over time to understand, analyze, and forecast estuarine and coastal environments and thereby support managerial decision making [4,5,6,7]. These models can be used to support water quality management and decision making, they increasingly depend on accurate modeling; models should be more realistic [8,9].
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