Abstract
This paper discusses the most attractive emission compliance options (emission abatement technologies and cleaner fuels) in intermodal transport chains that include short sea shipping. Most studies on emissions-based transport chain comparisons have estimated high levels of nitrogen and sulfur oxide emissions in maritime transportation, decreasing its competitiveness. However, the consequences of regulatory and technological developments and the integration of maritime transport in intermodal transport chains have not yet been considered in detail. In order to address this research gap, a numerical model for computing emissions from different transport modes in an intermodal transport network, under the effect of these developments, is presented that is based on bottom–up emission factors that depend on the fuel type, engine type, and operational profile of each vehicle. Different emissions scenarios are chosen for specific unimodal and intermodal routes (short sea shipping-based) between Portugal and northwestern Europe. Conclusions are drawn on estimated values of air pollutant emissions and greenhouse emissions, in CO2-eq per unit of cargo, in each scenario. These results allow the identification of the most environmentally friendly transport chains, thus supporting the development of adequate transport policies.
Highlights
IntroductionEmissions in Europe with road transport alone currently accounting for around 70% of overall emissions [1]
The transport sector is responsible for around a quarter of greenhouse gas (GHG)emissions in Europe with road transport alone currently accounting for around 70% of overall emissions [1]
This paper provides an update of the model to estimate emissions and external costs presented by the same authors [19] that allows for the simultaneous estimation of emissions, external and internal costs in transport corridors forming part of the Trans-European
Summary
Emissions in Europe with road transport alone currently accounting for around 70% of overall emissions [1]. In these last few years, the sector has not followed the general trend of GHG emissions. The Gothenburg Protocol have set emission ceilings in the EU for sulfur oxides (SOx ), nitrogen oxides (NOx ), and particulate matter (PM). The presence of those air pollutants has strongly decreased from 1990 levels due to stricter emission control instruments that led to fuel switching and the presence of new abatement equipment. The transport sector still accounts for around half of the current NOx emissions in the EU, and road transport alone accounts for approximately 11% of total fine PM emissions in the same region [5]
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