Abstract
This paper formulates, analyses and discusses 2D and 3D static and dynamic model problems in the orthopaedic practice. Finite element approximations, algorithms and iterative methods for constrained optimization are discussed. Since the conjugate gradient method is one of the most effective methods for both unconstrained and constrained optimization, it can be applied without or with preconditioning for solving the basic step of the discretized problem. A comparison of several preconditioned conjugate gradient methods is discussed. The problems discussed are applied to analyses of real patients. Finally, the the numerical results are discussed. Copyright © 1999 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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