Numerical Investigation of Squeezing Flow of Ternary Hybrid Nanofluid (Cu-Al2O3-TiO2/H2O) between Two Parallel Plates in a Porous Medium with Thermal Radiation and Heat Source/Sink

Abstract

This work aims to investigate the influence of thermal radiation on the magnetohydrodynamics squeezing flow of water-based ternary hybrid nanofluids between two parallel plates in a Darcy porous medium. The nanoparticles Cu, Al₂O₃, and TiO₂ are dispersed in a base fluid H₂O, resulting in the creation of a ternary hybrid nanofluid Cu-Al₂O₃-TiO₂/H₂O. This study examines the deformation of the lower plate as the upper one advances towards it. The numerical results are computed using the 3-stage Lobatto IIIa method, which is specially implemented by Bvp4c in MATLAB. The effects of various parameters are visually illustrated through graphs and quantitatively shown in tables. The velocity profile f'(η) shows a decrease in pattern when the parameters S and λ on the upper plate and Da on the lower plate are increased. Conversely, it displays an increasing pattern with higher values of Sq and λ on the lower plate, as well as Da on the upper plate. The absolute skin friction of the ternary hybrid nanofluid is seen to be approximately 5% higher than that of the regular nanofluid at both lower and upper plates. The heat transmission rate of the ternary hybrid nanofluid is higher at the upper plate compared to the lower plate.