Abstract
A computational fluid dynamics (CFD) based Unsteady Reynolds Averaged Navier–Stokes and Volume of Fluid model solver is adopted to estimate ship motion responses in bi-directional cross waves. The characteristics of cross waves are analyzed theoretically and by CFD verification at first. Then ship nonlinear motion responses and green water on deck induced by cross waves are systematically analyzed by adopting a S175 containership model sailing in different cross wave conditions such as various wave lengths, wave heading angles and forward speeds. Finally, ship safe navigational strategy is explored and corresponding operational guidance is proposed to ensure the safety of ships when encountering cross waves.
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