Numerical calculation of periodic viscous flow through a circular hole

Abstract

Periodic viscous flows through a circular hole driven by fluctuating far field pressure are studied numerically. The time dependent incompressible Navier-Stokes equations formulated with orthogonal curvilinear co-ordinates are solved by using a finite difference method. The flow patterns and acoustic impedance of the circular hole are investigated for various combinations of the pressure/viscous force ratio, frequency and hole edge thickness. Numerical calculations revealed some interesting facts, as follows. First, the flow patterns are classified into three regimes by fluctuating pressure amplitude and frequency: flows with no laminar separation (high-frequency-low-pressure range), flows with an attached separation bubble (intermediate frequency and pressure range) and flows with detached vortex rings (low-frequency-high-pressure range). Second, the flow resistance of the circular hole is proportional to the acoustic particle velocity but independent of the viscosity of the fluid, and almost invariant with the frequency for the low-frequency-high-pressure range. On the other hand, for the high-frequency-low-pressure range, the flow resistance is independent of the periodic pressure amplitude and varies directly with the 2 3 power of the frequency. Finally, the predicted circular hole impedance is in good agreement with the experimental data for the orifice impedance of Ingard and Ising.