Abstract
Maintaining appropriate nucleus size is important for cell health, but the mechanisms by which this is achieved are poorly understood. Controlling nucleus size is a particular challenge in early development, where the nucleus must downscale in size with progressive reductive cell divisions. Here we use live and fixed imaging, micromanipulation approaches, and small molecule analyses during preimplantation mouse development to probe the mechanisms by which nucleus size is determined. We find a close correlation between cell and nuclear size at any given developmental stage, and show that experimental cytoplasmic reduction can alter nuclear size, together indicating that cell size helps dictate nuclear proportions. Additionally, however, by creating embryos with over-sized blastomeres we present evidence of a developmental program that drives nuclear downscaling independently of cell size. We show that this developmental program does not correspond with nuclear import rates, but provide evidence that PKC activity may contribute to this mechanism. We propose a model in which nuclear size regulation during early development is a multi-mode process wherein nucleus size is set by cytoplasmic factors, and fine-tuned on a cell-by-cell basis according to cell size.
Highlights
By examining embryos of each developmental stage we found that nucleus volume decreases ten-fold over the course of preimplantation development, from 8.24 ± 0.19 pL for the male pronucleus in 1-cell stage embryos, to 0.69 ± 0.02 pL for nuclei in blastocysts (Fig. 1B)
At any given developmental stage there was a tight correlation between nucleus size and cell size, such that N/C ratio was highly consistent between different blastomeres of the same stage (Fig. 1C; Pearsons R2 at 8-cell stage = 0.81)
We set out to examine the role of these two putative systems in mouse embryos, a system in which cells halve in size each cell cycle, whilst the embryo can be observed and manipulated ex vivo
Summary
By examining embryos of each developmental stage we found that nucleus volume decreases ten-fold over the course of preimplantation development, from 8.24 ± 0.19 pL for the male pronucleus in 1-cell stage embryos, to 0.69 ± 0.02 pL for nuclei in blastocysts (Fig. 1B). To begin to understand the mechanisms of nuclear downscaling, we calculated cell volume for each blastomere in embryos during each stage of preimplantation development (Fig. 1, Fig. S1).
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