Nucleophilicity and Nucleofugality of Phenylsulfinate (PhSO2−): A Key to Understanding its Ambident Reactivity

Abstract

Second-order rate constants for the reactions of the phenylsulfinate ion PhSO(2)(-) with benzhydrylium ions Ar(2)CH(+) have been determined in DMSO, acetonitrile, and aqueous acetonitrile solution using laser-flash and stopped-flow techniques. The rate constants follow the correlation equation log k (20 degrees C) = s(N + E), which allows the determination of the nucleophile-specific parameters N and s for PhSO(2)(-) in different solvents. With N = 19.60, PhSO(2)(-) is a slightly weaker nucleophile than malonate and azide ions in DMSO. While PhSO(2)(-) reacts with highly stabilized benzhydrylium ions to give benzhydryl phenyl sulfones exclusively, highly reactive benzhydrylium ions give mixtures of sulfones Ar(2)CH-SO(2)Ph and sulfinates Ar(2)CH-OS(O)Ph; the latter rearrange to the thermodynamically more stable sulfones through an ionization recombination sequence. Sulfones generated from PhSO(2)(-) and stabilized amino-substituted benzhydrylium ions undergo heterolysis in aqueous acetonitrile and the rate of formation of the colored benzhydrylium ions was followed spectrophotometrically by stopped-flow techniques. The ranking of the electrofugalities of the benzhydrylium ions (i.e., the relative ionization rates of Ar(2)CH-SO(2)Ph) was not the inverse of the ranking of their electrophilicities (i.e., the relative reactivities of Ar(2)CH(+) with nucleophiles), which was explained by differences in Marcus intrinsic barriers. While sulfones are thermodynamically more stable than the isomeric sulfinates, the intrinsic barriers for the attack of benzhydrylium ions at the oxygen of PhSO(2)(-) are significantly lower than the intrinsic barriers for S-attack, and the activation energies for the attack of carbocations at sulfur are only slightly smaller than those for attack at oxygen. Because reactions of PhSO(2)(-) with carbocations of an electrophilicity E > -2 (i.e., carbocations which are more reactive than Ph(3)C(+)) are diffusion-controlled, the regioselectivities of the reactions of PhSO(2)(-) with "ordinary" carbocations do not reflect relative activation energies.