Abstract
The nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of SOX transcription factors play a crucial role in the regulation of SOX protein functions during development. In this study, we have demonstrated two nuclear localization signals in the HMG box of Eriocheir sinensis SOX14A and SOX14B. These two conserved nuclear localization signals mediate nuclear transport. The N-termini nuclear localization signal mediates the calmodulin-dependent pathway and the C-termini nuclear localization signal interacts with the importin-β pathway. The targeted deletion of nuclear localization signals of SOX14A/B dramatically inhibits the nuclear accumulation. We have first time revealed a non-classic nuclear export signal in the HMG box of E. sinensis SOX14A/B proteins is responds to leptomycin B. E. sinensis SOX14A/B is transported from the nucleus to the cytoplasm via a CRM1-dependent nuclear export pathway. And E. sinensis SOX14A/B are not belong to the subgroup E SOX proteins. Furthermore, these findings could shed a light on the mechanisms involved in the nuclear export of SOX proteins. The imperfect nuclear export signal on other SOX proteins, rather than just those of the SOXE group, may also be functional for nuclear export.
Highlights
The the sex determining region of chromosome Y (SRY)-related HMG box (SOX) (SRY-related high mobility group (HMG) box) family transcription factors have been discovered throughout the animal kingdom
Multiple sequence alignments have indicated that both the HMG box of SOX14A and SOX14B are evolutionarily conserved with other SRY-related HMG box (SOX) proteins in both H. sapiens and M. musculus (Figure 1B, Supplementary Figure 2A, 2B)
The nuclear localization signals are comprised of an N-termini bi-partite NLS, which contains two groups of basic residues separated by 9-11 residues, and a monopartite C-termini NLS, which is characterized by a short stretch of 4-5 basic residues (Figure 1B)
Summary
The SOX (SRY-related HMG box) family transcription factors have been discovered throughout the animal kingdom. Research on SOX family proteins began with the identification of SRY (the sex determining region of chromosome Y), which is the founding member of the SOX family of transcription factors. It functions as a master regulator of mammalian sex determination pathways and mediates the differentiation of Sertoli cell lineages in the bipotential genital ridge in both humans and mice [4,5,6,7,8]. The developmental functions of invertebrate Sox genes remain largely unknown [11,12]
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