Abstract
Influenza viruses transcribe and replicate their genomes in the nuclei of infected host cells. The viral ribonucleoprotein (vRNP) complex of influenza virus is the essential genetic unit of the virus. The viral proteins play important roles in multiple processes, including virus structural maintenance, mediating nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the vRNP complex, virus particle assembly, and budding. Nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of viral proteins occurs throughout the entire virus life cycle. This review mainly focuses on matrix protein (M1), nucleoprotein (NP), nonstructural protein (NS1), and nuclear export protein (NEP), summarizing the mechanisms of their nucleocytoplasmic shuttling and the regulation of virus replication through their phosphorylation to further understand the regulation of nucleocytoplasmic shuttling in host adaptation of the viruses.
Highlights
Influenza A virus (IAV), which contains an eight-segment, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome, is a member of the Orthomyxovirus family
Still an area of active research, the prevention and control of IAV infection mainly rely on vaccines, and the trivalent inactivated vaccine, which is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), is widely used
The former is able to recognize and bind the nuclear location signals (NLSs) in the target protein, and the complex is recognized and bound by importin β, which subsequently interacts with the nuclear pore complexes (NPCs) to accomplish the translocation of target proteins
Summary
Influenza A virus (IAV), which contains an eight-segment, single-stranded, negative-sense RNA genome, is a member of the Orthomyxovirus family. Further subtyping is based on the antigenicity of the hemagglutinin (HA) and neuramindase (NA) surface glycoproteins. Viruses 2015, 7 reservoir of IAV, which can infect many kinds of mammals, including humans [1]. Two major subtype (H1N1 and H3N2) viruses are circulating among humans. Still an area of active research, the prevention and control of IAV infection mainly rely on vaccines, and the trivalent inactivated vaccine, which is recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO), is widely used
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