Abstract
Coronavirus disease, COVID-19, has touched every country globally except five countries (North Korea, Turkmenistan, Tonga, Tuvalu and Nauru). Vaccination is the most effective method to protect against infectious diseases. The objective is to ensure that everyone has access to a COVID-19 vaccine. The conventional vaccine development platforms are complex and time-consuming to obtain desired approved vaccine candidates through rigorous regulatory pathways. These safeguards guarantee that the optimized vaccine product is safe and efficacious for various demographic populations prior to it being approved for general use. Nucleic acid vaccines employ genetic material from a pathogen, such as a virus or bacteria, to induce an immune response against it. Based on the vaccination, the genetic material might be DNA or RNA; as such, it offers instructions for producing a specific pathogen protein that the immune system will perceive as foreign and mount an immune response. Nucleic acid vaccines for multiple antigens might be made in the same facility, lowering costs even more. Most traditional vaccine regimens do not allow for this. Herein, we demonstrate the recent understanding and advances in nucleic acid vaccines (DNA and mRNA based) against COVID-19, specifically those in human clinical trials.
Highlights
A vaccine is the best approach for infectious disease prevention [1]
In light of the COVID-19 pandemic, the inevitable inquiry is: How were the presently available vaccinations developed so quickly? In terms of development and production, it is obvious that nucleic acid-based vaccines represent a technology platform for novel urgent vaccines
Nucleic acid vaccines based on mRNA and DNA are increasing in popularity and are beginning to occupy the pre-clinical and clinical pipelines to address such deficiencies
Summary
A vaccine is the best approach for infectious disease prevention [1]. The first effective vaccine developed was against the smallpox virus in the form of live attenuated, and, through worldwide mass vaccinations, smallpox was declared eradicated [2]. Vaccine development is still a challenging task as scale-up productions and funding resources have commonly hindered much of their development This process is usually challenging, complex and takes 15–25 years for the final approved product, and the patent life would have ended. The speed has been possible due to the method used for vaccine development in the instance of nucleic acid-based vaccines These vaccine formulations have been around for over 30 years and tested in humans for a number of diseases, such as cancer, HIV and other viruses, but none have been approved for human use. The pandemic has enabled their use to be fast tracked, a technology that instigates revolution in the vaccine development process and overcomes the limitations of previously available technologies [15] It involves the administration of nucleic acid coding for antigens in the body. We provide an overview of the current status of approved, as well as clinical developmental stage, nucleic acid-based vaccines for COVID-19
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