Abstract
A biosensor is defined as “a device that uses specific biochemical signal mediated by isolated enzymes, immunosystems, tissues, organelles or whole cells to detect chemical compounds usually by electrical, thermal or optical signals” [1]. A sensor comprises of at least two basic steps, first, target detection and second, signal transduction. The target detection element can be a suitable chemical compound or biological molecules such as small peptides, proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates etc. Ideally, this entity should exhibit high level of affinity and specificity towards the analytes. For example, antibodies are protein-based binding molecules that have long been used for target recognition because they meet most of the above criteria. Signal transduction elements are responsible for converting molecular recognition events into physically detectable signals such as, optical (e.g., fluorescence), chemical, electrochemical, magnetic, thermal or mechanical changes.
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