Abstract
The nuclear factor kappa B is widely expressed in the distinct subpopulations of chorionic villi and deciduas of first-trimester pregnancies. We examined the cellular distribution and expression of nuclear factor kappa B in the human first-trimester chorionic villi and deciduas of women with early spontaneous miscarriage and viable pregnancy by confocal laser scanning microscope and immunohistochemistry. There is a greater nuclear translocation of nuclear factor kappa B is restricted to villous stromal cells, decidual stromal cells, glandular epithelial cells and vessel endothelial cells in early spontaneous miscarriage than in viable pregnancies. Collectively these observations suggest that over-activation of nuclear factor kappa B has a relationship with early spontaneous miscarriages.
Highlights
The etiology of spontaneous miscarriage includes chromosomal rearrangements, uterine anomalies, thyroid dysfunction, autoimmune disorders and infection
We recently demonstrated that tumor necrosis factor receptor1 (TNFR1) expression was raised in the decidual cells and the chorionic villous cells of women with early spontaneous miscarriages (ESM), and its increased production correlates with ESM [13,14]
These results indicate that NF-κB is activated at the decidual stromal cells, glandular epithelial cells and vessel endothelial cells from women with SM
Summary
The etiology of spontaneous miscarriage includes chromosomal rearrangements, uterine anomalies, thyroid dysfunction, autoimmune disorders and infection. The intrauterine cytokine balance is an essential condition for normal, successful pregnancy [1,2]. It means that cytokines operating in the embryo and embryonic microenvironment determine, to a significant extent, whether pregnancy is completed successfully or results in embryonic loss or maldevelopment. They act as activators of specific transcription factors, which control cell responses such as cell proliferation differentiation and apoptosis. One such transcription factor is nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB), which is critically involved in a number of cellular functions, including the cell cycle [3], regulation of apoptosis [4], inflammation [5], aberrant
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