Abstract
Cold and moderately warm nuclei represent one of the most unique quantal multiparticle systems, which is governed by a self-consistent mean field and shell effects, as well as by nucleon-nucleon pairing, which produces phase transitions to superfluid states, and macroscopically deformed shapes. The superposition of macroscopic liquid-drop properties of nuclei and nuclear reactions with quantal effects, which strongly depend on total particle number and on individual quantum numbers of nucleons, creates a situation with a large range of physical phenomena. In nuclear reactions, nuclear structure and nuclear fission many aspects have escaped a complete quantitative understanding, and experiments with new ideas and instruments must be persued.
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