Nuclear modulation effect in electron spin echoes resulting from nuclear hyperfine and quadrupole interactions with a nucleus of an arbitrary spin

Abstract

Approximate algebraic expressions for the nuclear modulation effect in electron spin echoes resulting from nuclear hyperfine and quadrupole interactions with a nucleus of an arbitrary spin are derived by using a third order perturbation method. The contribution of the quadrupole interaction on both the modulation amplitude and the modulation frequencies is included in the expressions. The validity of the expressions is examined by comparing the modulation spectra with exact ones obtained by the numerical calculation of the Hamiltonian for the spin echoes. It is shown that the expressions are applicable even for relatively short electron–nuclear distance and strong quadrupole interaction (r>0 and e2qQ/h<0.6 MHz for D nucleus).