Abstract
Minimally invasive surgical techniques have grown in popularity in recent years due to the theoretical advantages of smaller incisions, reduced muscle stripping, and a quicker postsurgical recovery [1]. The emergence of new technologies for minimally invasive placement of percutaneous subfascial pedicle screws and rods has allowed surgeons to achieve secure spinal fixation through a limited surgical approach [2–4]. The placement of percutaneous pedicle screws relies on imaging modalities, most commonly the C-arm image intensifier, to visualize the anatomic landmarks necessary for pedicle targeting [1]. The current chapter will focus on the nuances of performing percutaneous pedicle fixation in the thoracolumbar spine using C-arm fluoroscopy.
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