Abstract
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are being widely consumed without medical prescription and are often the cause of intoxication, usually in young children. For this, there is a special need in their determination in routine toxicology analysis. As screening methods mainly focus on drugs of abuse (DOA) that are alkaline compounds in their majority, they are not optimized for acidic drugs, such as NSAIDs. Thus, more specific methods are needed for the detection and quantification of this class of drugs. In this study, the efficient extraction of NSAIDs from blood serum and their accurate determination is studied. Optimum pH extraction conditions were studied and thereafter different derivatization procedures for their detection. From the derivatization reagents used, N,O-Bis(trimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) with 1% Trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) was found to be the optimum choice for the majority of the examined NSAIDs; pH of 3.7 was selected as the most efficient for the extraction step. Herein the formation of the lactam of diclofenac was also thoroughly investigated. The developed Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) method had a run time of 15 min with the mass spectrometer operating in Electron Impact (EI) within the mass range of 40 to 500 amu. The method was linear with R2 above 0.991 and limits of quantitation (LOQ) ranging from 6 to 414 ng/mL. The intra-day accuracy and precision were found between 1.03%–9.79% and 88%–110%, respectively, and the inter-day accuracy and precision were between 1.87%–10.79% and 91%–113%. The optimum protocol was successfully applied to real clinical samples, where intoxication of NSAIDs was suspected.
Highlights
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are acidic compounds with anti-inflammatory properties at high concentrations and several other properties at low concentrations [1]
Like previous findings [16], that ASA is not stable in solution and it is hydrolysed into SA, and over time both compounds are in equilibrium in the solution
Is not stable in solution and it is hydrolysed into SA, and over time both compounds are in equilibrium in the solution
Summary
Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are acidic compounds with anti-inflammatory properties at high concentrations and several other properties at low concentrations (i.e., salicylic acid is used as anticoagulant drug) [1]. These drugs exhibit toxicity in the upper concentration levels or after a long time of intake [2,3]. Some of the toxic side effects are related with gastrointestinal disorders, intestinal ulceration, aplastic anemia, myocardial infarction, cerebrovascular events, inhibition of platelet aggregation, and renal dysfunction [4]. Acetaminophen and nimesulide exhibit significant hepatotoxicity [2,5,6,7]. There is a number of analytical methods which report NSAIDs’ determination in biological fluids, most of them related to pharmacokinetic studies or to the support of animal studies for the estimation of exposure and the investigation of potential risk after consumption [4,9]
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