NovJ/NovK Catalyze Benzylic Oxidation of a β-Hydroxyl Tyrosyl-S-pantetheinyl Enzyme during Aminocoumarin Ring Formation in Novobiocin Biosynthesis

Abstract

The bicyclic coumarin ring in the aminocoumarin natural product antibiotics that target bacterial DNA gyrase is assembled from tyrosine by nonribosomal peptide synthetase logic. Tyrosine has previously been shown to be activated and installed as a phosphopantetheinyl thioester on the thiolation domain of NovH and then hydroxylated on the benzylic carbon by the heme protein NovI, generating beta-OH-Tyr-S-NovH. This aminoacyl-S-protein is the substrate for the next two orfs, Streptomyces sphaeroides NovJ and NovK, that have now been expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli as a J2K2 heterotetramer. NovJ/NovK use NADP as an electron acceptor to oxidize the beta-OH of the tyrosyl moiety to yield the tethered beta-ketotyrosyl-S-NovH. The enol tautomer is the form that predominates in the subsequently cyclized aminocoumarin scaffold. The labile beta-ketotyrosyl thioester moiety was identified by hydrolytic release from NovH, analysis by mass spectroscopy, and comparison with a synthetic sample. We also have identified a residue in NovJ that when mutated results in a 50-fold reduction in catalytic activity.