Abstract
The aim of this study is the presentation of novel water treatment systems based on ozonation combined with ceramic membranes for the treatment of refractory organic compounds found in natural water sources such as groundwater. This includes, firstly, a short review of possible membrane based hybrid processes for water treatment from various sources. Several practical and theoretical aspects for the application of hybrid membrane-ozonation systems are discussed, along with theoretical background regarding the transformation of target organic pollutants by ozone. Next, a novel ceramic membrane contactor, bringing into contact the gas phase (ozone) and water phase without the creation of bubbles (bubbleless ozonation), is presented. Experimental data showing the membrane contactor efficiency for oxidation of atrazine, endosulfan, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) are shown and discussed. Almost complete endosulfan degradation was achieved with the use of the ceramic contactor, whereas atrazine degradation higher than 50% could not be achieved even after 60 min of reaction time. Single ozonation of water containing MTBE could not result in a significant MTBE degradation. MTBE mineralization by O3/H2O2combination increased at higher pH values and O3/H2O2molar ratio of 0.2 reaching a maximum of around 65%.
Highlights
(1) Organic Compounds and Emerging Pollutants in Water Sources
The objectives of the present work are (a) the presentation of the hybrid membrane processes mainly combined with ozonation, (b) the presentation of an innovative system for applying bubbleless ozonation via ceramic membranes, and (c) the presentation of some results about atrazine, endosulfan, and methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE) oxidation with the use of the ceramic membrane contactor
Flow velocity (m/s) concentrations measured in the water leaving the membrane contactor as a function of flow velocity
Summary
(1) Organic Compounds and Emerging Pollutants in Water Sources. New synthetic chemical compounds originating from either point (industries, wastewater treatment plants, etc.) or no-point (agriculture, etc.) sources, generally called as emerging pollutants, have been identified at relatively high concentrations in both surface and underground waters [1,2,3]. Membranes are widely applied for the treatment of natural waters and wastewaters, with very good results; the biggest drawback connected with membrane operation is the membrane fouling, which has to be addressed in order to maintain stable membrane operation. The main goals of hybrid processes are to increase the water quality which passes through the membrane, reduce fouling frequency and as a consequence reduce operating costs, minimize environmental pollution risks, and make the overall process more efficient [8]. Various hybrid membrane systems recently investigated are introduced and shortly discussed
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