Abstract
The Na-alginate bead is commonly used in biotechnology fields such as adsorption due to ion exchange between Ca and Na with elements. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM-EDX) has proven to be a comparative method in the detections of these adsorbed elements, but the un-flat forming area of beads that can introduce impossible of the detection of element adsorbed. In contrast, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) documents analysis of elements, direct examination, which may analysis the adsorbents of elements. Here, this Study evaluated the possibility by using XRF for the direct analysis for examples of Cd and Ag in a bench stand. This Study compared this to commonly used SEM-EDX and inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) approaches for Cd and Ag analyses. Overall, novel use of XRF provided precise analyses of the concentrations of Cd and Ag adsorbed within Na-alginate bead and revealed analyses not determined the concentrations in standard SEM-EDX or previously established in other studies of Na-alginate beads. In addition, this Study shows that XRF may be employed in different fields in biotechnology to analysis the concentrations regarding the elemental adsorption of Na-alginate beads and demonstrate the potential for XRF to monitor the procedures underpinning biotechnology sectors.
Highlights
Na-alginate beads are used widely in immobilization biotechnology [1] for producing the drug in an immobilized plant [2] and hydrogen production [3], in addition to the comprehensive using in bioremediation of contaminants [4]
X-ray fluorescence (XRF) has not been used in the direct analysis of trace elements generally within Na-alginate beads, as no contribution dealing with element determinations by XRF method after using Na-alginate beads in biotechnology sectors or absorption [9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14]
The present study reported the first use of XRF in the direct analysis of an example of elements, Cd and Ag, which were absorbed within the Na-alginate beads in batch adsorption experiments
Summary
Na-alginate beads are used widely in immobilization biotechnology [1] for producing the drug in an immobilized plant [2] and hydrogen production [3], in addition to the comprehensive using in bioremediation of contaminants [4]. For the comparative analysis firstly, possible independent analyses of fixative Na-alginate beads were carried out by SEM-EDX.
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